|
Home
|
THE FILM
|
Interviews |
About
|
Please do not bookmark this page: the address may change.
Accidents
|
Did anyone die in the accident in Sverdlovsk?
|
|
Did you know someone who was accidentally infected at work?
|
|
Please cite an example of an accident in biological weapons work.
|
|
What caused the acident in Sverdlovsk?
|
|
What happened in Sverdlovsk in 1979?
|
|
What killed the victims of the Sverdlovsk accident?
|
|
What kind of work was being done at the center in Sverdlovsk?
|
|
What was the leadership's response to the Sverdlovsk accident?
|
|
Whose fault is it when an accident happens (1)?
|
|
Whose fault is it when an accident happens (2)?
|
|
Why did people die in the Sverdlovsk disaster?
|
|
Why was the anthrax development work moved from Sverdlovsk to Stepnogorsk?
|
Andrew Weber
|
01. How did you end up working at the U.S. Embassy in Kazakhstan?
|
|
02. What were you working on in Kazakhstan?
|
|
03. What was the Nunn-Lugar Program?
|
|
04. What was the most striking thing about the Soviet bioweapons program?
|
|
05. Was the Soviet bioweapons program funded well?
|
|
06. Can you offer an example of a non-proliferation project?
|
|
07. What was special about Stepnogorsk?
|
|
08. When did you first visit Stepnogorsk?
|
|
09. Can you describe your first visit to Stepnogorsk?
|
|
10. Were you told the truth about the Stepnogorsk plant?
|
|
11. What was the break-through moment of your Stepnogorsk visit?
|
|
12. What did you find at the Stepnogorsk plant?
|
|
13. What did this anthrax factory look like?
|
|
14. Can you describe something you saw at the Stepnogorsk plant?
|
|
15. Did the Stepnogorsk scientists do all their testing at the plant?
|
|
16. Were you able to see the remote testing grounds?
|
|
17. "After the official part of the visit was over, they were very open with us."
|
|
18. "Gennadiy Lepeshkin accompanied us to the island."
|
|
19. "A lot depends on the individual."
|
|
20. "They had been lied to by their own government."
|
|
21. Where was the island that the scientists used for testing their work?
|
|
22. What did you find on the Vozrozhdeniya Island?
|
|
23. "Sometimes they used as many as 100 monkeys for one test."
|
|
24. "Top secret when filled in."
|
|
25. "We don't want other countries to repeat this experience."
|
|
26. Hundreds of animal cages
|
|
27. Over 100 tons of anthrax were buried on the island
|
|
28. "It felt like the Moon landing."
|
|
29. "Dangerous pathogens were stored in many laboratories."
|
|
30. "We considered Gennadiy to be part of our team."
|
Animals Used for Testing
|
Animals die at farms, and they die in labs. Is there a difference?
|
|
How did you feel about the animals that were used in testing?
|
|
What killed the animals that were used in testing?
|
|
What kind of animals are used in testing weapons?
|
|
What were the animals used for?
|
|
Where did you get the animals that you used for testing?
|
Anne Harrington
|
01. About a million people were involved in Soviet nuclear weapons production
|
|
02. We were addressing Soviet nuclear weapons and ignoring other kinds
|
|
03. Very little was known about the biological weapons community in Russia
|
|
04. Biological weapons existed in Russia for decades
|
|
05. We started engaging the biological community in Russia in 1994
|
|
06. The ISTC reached out to the biological weapons community
|
|
07. Funding projects in Russia opened the door for us to go and visit
|
|
08. There was some suspicion and sensitivity
|
|
09. Some Russian institutions held back for years
|
|
10. They said, "You're okay."
|
|
11. The ISTC ran financial and programmatic audits
|
|
12. Our goal was to work with the communitites relevant to non-proliferation issues
|
|
13. One Russian scientist was given vacuum cleaners in lieu of salary
|
|
14. People were struggling to put food on the table
|
|
15. We took the time to listen to people
|
|
16. "We've lost the dachas on the Black Sea."
|
|
17. Russian scientists were losing their perks
|
|
18. They had a personal relationship with their pathogens
|
|
19. There was pride in the work that they did
|
|
20. Some of the biological weapons experts happily moved to other areas
|
|
21. The Novosibirsk State University has a happy population of former Vector scientists
|
|
22. They are happy to have the academic freedom to publish
|
|
23. The U.S.S.R. was convinced that the U.S. continued to develop biological weapons
|
|
24. Many Russian officials never admitted what president Yeltsin declared
|
|
25. Russian scientists were put in the position of being international criminals
|
|
26. The ability to talk about the work they did in the past was a substitute confessional
|
|
27. The only nostalgia we saw was for the economic stability of life in the U.S.S.R.
|
|
28. "A few people got rich, and the rest of us have nothing."
|
|
29. Gennady oversaw the facility for producing tons of anthrax
|
|
30. The facility at Stepnogorsk was a mobilization plant for anthrax production
|
|
31. Their job was to produce anthrax to kill Americans
|
|
32. What struck you was the massive size
|
|
33. It was absolutely gargantuan
|
|
34. They were producing men's suits in a former biological weapons facility
|
|
35. Plague in a pea can
|
|
36. We suspected they carried out tests there (on the V. island)
|
Dastan Eleukenov
|
01. At one time only 30% of the population were ethnic Kazakhs
|
|
02. There were many camps for political prisoners in Kazakhstan
|
|
03. Kazakhstan was an enormous test site
|
|
04. Kazakhstan was used to test nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons
|
|
05. What was the first step in researching the bioweapons facilities in Kazakhstan?
|
|
06. Kazakhstan had many biological research centers
|
|
07. The biological weapons program violated our international commitments
|
|
08. It is easy to conceal biological weapons
|
|
09. Military logic is simple
|
|
10. About the arms race
|
|
11. A scientist is a person who satisfies his curiosity at government's expense
|
|
12. The Stepnogorsk facility was a strictly military enterprise
|
|
13. The Stepnogorsk plant was ready to produce biological weapons
|
|
14. The scale of production at the Stepnogorsk plant
|
|
15. Lepeshkin told the real story to the government of Kazakhstan
|
|
16. Did the public in Kazakhstan learn the secrets of Stepnogorsk?
|
|
17. Was information about Stepnogorsk published?
|
|
18. Vozrozhdeniya Island was an ideal testing site
|
|
19. Animals could carry the infection from the island to the mainland
|
|
20. Is it true that biological weapons can be easily produced in a make-shift lab?
|
Discipline in the workplace
|
Did people violate the code of behavior in the workplace?
|
|
How did the discipline at Stepnogorsk compare to the army (1)?
|
|
How did the discipline at Stepnogorsk compare to the army (2)?
|
|
How was the work ethic at your center in Stepnogorsk?
|
Family
|
01. Did your children know what you did for a living? Do they know now?
|
|
02. Did your family know about your work in biological weapons?
|
|
03. Did your wife know what you were working on?
|
|
04. What did your children know about your work?
|
|
05. What did your parents do?
|
|
06. When it became possible, did you tell your family about your work in those days?
|
Gary Crocker
|
01. I came to the Bureau of Intelligence at the State Department in 1974
|
|
02. Was it a surprise for the US to discover the Soviet bioweapons program?
|
|
03. We had to rely on the photo interpreter
|
|
04. Photo interpreters identified key bioweapons facilities in the USSR
|
|
05. William Beecher's 1975 article in the Boston Globe
|
|
06. The military people don't like biological weapons
|
|
07. It's ironic that when we quit, the Russians kicked their bioweapons program into high gear
|
|
08. The scientists in both countries thought they were building deterrents
|
|
09. When Sverdlovsk happened, we knew what it was
|
|
10. The US knew about the Soviet biological weapons program, so why didn't we restart ours?
|
|
11. "To my knowledge there's no country that has biological weapons."
|
|
12. There was a senior person who refused to believe the evidence
|
|
13. Pasechnik told us that plague was their most important biological weapon
|
|
14. By 1992 the White House was ready to move
|
|
15. Yeltsin didn't know the scale of the bioweapons program in his country
|
|
16. Yeltsin didn't know that Biopreparat employed some forty-five hundred people
|
|
17. "We found you out."
|
|
18. We should give the British more credit than us
|
|
19. Pasechnik was one of the most important defectors from the USSR
|
|
20. "I was in the presence of evil."
|
|
21. Pasechnik gave us the smoking gun
|
Gennadiy Lepeshkin and David Franz
|
01. David and Gennady: Personal beginnings
|
|
02. Gennady: "We were told to prepare for an attack."
|
|
03. Looking at photos from Stepnogorsk. Part 1
|
|
04. Looking at photos from Stepnogorsk. Part 2
|
|
05. Order of the Red Star for secret work
|
|
06. We did not discuss ethical issues, but we did know about the Convention
|
|
07. The farther from Moscow, the more freedom--but within limits
|
|
08. The Nunn-Lugar program was a success
|
|
09. Gennady: "I knew that Andy Weber was a spy."
|
|
10. "Thanks to Andy Weber, our scientists got a lot of support."
|
|
11. The stockpiles of biological weapons have been destroyed
|
|
12. An award from Senator Lugar
|
|
13. David: "Gennady made a huge difference."
|
|
14. Gennady: "Biological weapons are no more frightening than firearms."
|
|
15. Gennady: "There's no need for biological weapons."
|
|
16. David: "It is impossible to maintain huge biological weapons programs today."
|
|
17. If you don't talk, you mistrust the other person
|
|
18. Trilateral agreement. "Figure it out, it's only science."
|
|
19. Nonproliferation of nuclear weapons is different from biological weapons
|
Gennadiy Lepeshkin and Gary Crocker
|
01. How many people worked at the Sepnogorsk plant, and what's there now?
|
|
02. Two buildings at the Stepnogorsk plant were demolished
|
|
03. The funding stopped before all elements of weaponization were completed
|
|
04. Were any attempts made to commercialize the Stepnogorsk plant?
|
|
05. Why the capacity to produce tremendous amounts of bioweapons?
|
|
06. The effort directed to bioweapons production could have produced tons of pharmaceuticals
|
|
07. Where did the people who worked at the Stepnogorsk plant do their testing?
|
|
08. How much of this was known to the American intelligence services?
|
|
09. Did the Soviet scientists know that the American program was discontinued?
|
|
10. Did you know that you were violating the treaty?
|
|
11. On multiple infection sources in Sverdlovsk: why a BW attack is a complicated affair
|
|
12. The USSR had to save face as well as hide their military program
|
|
13. In 1992, the US was more interested in supporting Yeltsin than in establishing the truth
|
|
14. Voice of America reported the Sverdlovsk disaster the very next day
|
|
15. How does one become a military microbiologist (part 1)?
|
|
16. How does one become a military microbiologist (part 2)?
|
|
17. How military microbiologists justified their work
|
|
18. Trust and verify
|
|
19. Keeping secrets from your own government and from other countries
|
|
20. "When I testified before a joint session of Congress..."
|
|
21. It's no great secret that we knew that they knew what our satellites were doing
|
Gennadiy Lepeshkin and Milton Leitenberg
|
01. When working on your book, who did you talk to in the former Soviet bioweapons program?
|
|
02. Why didn't you interview some scientists who were living in Russia?
|
|
03. Just how secret was the existence of the Soviet bioweapons program?
|
|
04. Why does the secrecy around the program exist even today?
|
|
05. Why did Yeltsin close the bioweapons program?
|
|
06. Did you participate in the creation of the document that Yeltsin published?
|
|
07. Did you receive the text of Yeltsin's announcement?
|
|
08. How did the public learn about Yeltsin's decree to abolish the program?
|
|
09. Yeltsin put the foxes in charge of the chickens (about chemical weapons)
|
|
10. Did the Soviet scientists know about the Convention that banned their work?
|
|
11. Orders from Moscow to discontinue work and restructure the Stepnogorsk facility
|
|
12. The Stepnogorsk institute stopped all research into pathogens in 1990
|
|
13. What was your reaction when bioweapons work was declared a criminal offense?
|
|
14. What happened to the scientists after the work was stopped?
|
|
15. The line between research and development doesn't exist
|
|
16. The ranking of the Stepnogorsk facility among other similar facilities
|
|
17. How was the finished product transferred to the bunkers in Stepnogorsk?
|
|
18. How was the stockpiled anthrax transported to Vozrozhdeniya Island for burial?
|
|
19. Why did people continue to become infected 69 days after the Sverdlovsk disaster?
|
|
20. Why were there several strains of anthrax in Sverdlovsk?
|
|
21. What did the first inspection team learn in Stepnogorsk?
|
Gennady Lepeshkin and Richard Spertzel
|
01. What agents and vaccines did you work with at USAMRIID?
|
|
02. "We, too, have had scientists who accidentally became infected in the lab."
|
|
03. "I was called 'the walking guinea pig'."
|
|
04. How the work of American microbiologists differed from that in Russia
|
|
05. What was the effect in Fort Detrick of the abolishment of the US biowepons program?
|
|
06. Could you speak about the people who oppose the use of animals in scientific research?
|
|
07. Where did the animals come from?
|
|
08. Where was the anthrax made that was mailed to various officеs in the US in 2001?
|
|
09. Many people say that biologiocal weapons served as a good deterrent
|
|
10. "In 2004 I had my forty-first trip to Iraq."
|
|
11. "When doing inspection work in Iraq, how did you know how much they had achieved?"
|
|
12. A pact was signed between Iraq and Syria about chemical and biological weapons
|
|
13. "It's not a lie when you are ordered to lie."
|
|
14. "You had to catch them in an obvious lie."
|
GNL: Reflections on the past
|
01. Epigraph
|
|
02. I was born into a military family
|
|
03. I was proud of my country
|
|
04. At first I was a so-so student...
|
|
05. We worked hard, and at night we sang songs
|
|
06. They sent me to the Military Medical Academy
|
|
07. In 1984, Stepnogorsk was a wonderful town
|
|
08. It was a modern city of concrete and glass
|
|
09. Stepnogorsk has gone downhill
|
|
10. When I came to the facility, no one knew its purpose
|
|
11. Prior to my arrival, they were merely putting up buildings
|
|
12. Alibekov and I primed the facility for pathogen research
|
|
13. Our group worked hard and played hard
|
|
14. Violations of the protocol could not be tolerated
|
|
15. The story of a foolish boss (version 1)
|
|
16. The story of a foolish boss (version 2)
|
|
17. I still have lots of friends in Stepnogorsk
|
|
18. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union...
|
|
19. I was made the General Director
|
|
20. Moscow dropped their support, those were hard times
|
|
21. I wanted to eat at the old cafe, but it was gone
|
|
22. The city has gone to seed
|
|
23. They knew my dog, they sang with me
|
|
24. Their future is uncertain
|
|
25. You won't find the same atmosphere in Stepnogorsk
|
|
26. Our special flight used to take us to the testing grounds in 3 hours
|
|
27. Vozrozhdeniya Island used to be an oasis
|
|
28. When the Aral Sea had fish, life was good in Aralsk
|
|
29. The sea receded, the ships got stripped down to the carcasses
|
|
30. The ships were gone, nothing was left but camels
|
|
31. A horse is a must for any Kazakh
|
|
32. Ten years ago the island turned into a peninsula
|
GNL: The Almaty Interview
|
01. What is the current state of the center that you ran in Stepnogorsk?
|
|
02. Why were aerosols so important for biological weapons work?
|
|
03. Why were primates used in testing?
|
|
04. Why was the work on tularemia so important?
|
|
05. What was the process of getting a product approved for use?
|
|
06. How do they clean up an infected area?
|
|
07. Is it true that a biological weapon was used at Stalingrad during the war?
|
|
08. How many people died while doing research on biological weapons?
|
|
09. I read that someone died on the island, too. Is that true?
|
|
10. Is it true that in 1928 the Red Army studied typhus for use as a weapon?
|
|
11. Did work in a biological lab put your life at risk?
|
|
12. Have accidents happened in biological weapons work?
|
|
13. Have you heard that the accident in Sverdlovsk was called "biological Chernobyl"?
|
|
14. I heard that the Stepnogorsk center was designed as an anthrax factory.
|
|
15. Would you like to add any thoughts?
|
GNL: The Washington Interview
|
01. How many times did you travel to Vozrozhdeniya Island for testing?
|
|
02. What were the duties of the soldiers who worked for you at the testing grounds?
|
|
03. Did the soldiers participate in the testing on animals?
|
|
04. How could the soldiers at the testing grounds fail to know about pathogen testing?
|
|
05. "Who is going to stage an attack on a calm day?"
|
|
06. What was the daily routine on Vozrozhdeniya Island?
|
|
07. After a pathogen was developed, were samples sent out for testing?
|
|
08. How much freedom did scientists have to develop ideas that were not in the plan?
|
|
09. Project Whitecoat: Was there a similar program in the Soviet Union?
|
|
10. If the task of each institute was narrow, how was their work coordinated?
|
|
11. How did you feel about moving to Kazakhstan from Russia? How did it go?
|
|
12. How did you decide to go into scientific work? What inspired you?
|
|
13. Can you tell us about your first visit to the US?
|
|
14. How did the Allen project work?
|
|
15. Tell us about your first meetings with Andy Weber at Stepnogorsk
|
|
16. How come Andy Weber's scrutiny of your facility didn't make uncomfortable?
|
|
17. Was the KGB interested in your relationship with Andy Weber?
|
|
18. You were undoing the work of your life. How did you feel about that?
|
|
19. What was your reaction as you participated in destroying your equipment?
|
|
20. What goes through your heart as you look at the pictures of those fermentors?
|
|
21. Did you see the need to stockpile weapons as a Soviet thing?
|
|
22. What did you think of Gorbachev? Did you see what was coming?
|
|
23. Did you see signs of the coming colapse of the USSR?
|
|
24. How did you react to the approaching change?
|
|
25. When did the financial problems start affecting your facility?
|
|
26. Did you share your observations with scientists at other institutions?
|
|
27. How would you compare life in the Soviet period to post-Soviet Russia?
|
|
28. Do you expect to see economic and political progress in Russia?
|
|
29. Huge resources were allocated to the military. Where are they applied now?
|
|
30. Were any innovation made in the BW complex transferred to the civilian economy?
|
|
31. What do you want your legacy to be?
|
|
32. What do you think of the disappearance of censorship from everyday life?
|
My Work
|
01. Are you happy about working in biological weapons most of your life?
|
|
02. Did you ever want to switch to civilian work?
|
|
03. Did you have an option to change your line of work?
|
|
04. Did you look for a different type of work?
|
|
05. Did you try to switch to a less dangerous line of work?
|
|
06. Do you like thinking of your life in Stepnogorsk in those days?
|
|
07. Do you remember starting your work in Stepnogorsk?
|
|
08. Was it your own choice to work in that field?
|
|
09. Were you afraid while working with biological weapons?
|
|
10. Were you making more money than someone in similar civilian work?
|
|
11. What did you and your friends and co-workers talk about?
|
|
12. What did you like, and what did you not like, about your work in biological weapons?
|
|
13. What influenced the direction of your professional life?
|
|
14. Where did you live and how did you get to work?
|
Pilot
|
10-minute trailer w/English voiceover (6 November 2011)
|
|
13-minute trailer w/English voiceover (25 November 2011)
|
|
Draft December 22, 2011 (27 minutes)
|
Politics
|
01. Could the Soviet biological weapons have been used in case of war?
|
|
02. Did Yeltsin do the right thing when he discontinued the biochemical weapons programs?
|
|
03. Did you and your friends talk about the actual use of biological weapons?
|
|
04. Did you have ethnic Kazakhs in leadership positions at the center in Stepnogorsk?
|
|
05. Did you have many ethnic Kazakhs working at the center in Stepnogorsk?
|
|
06. Did you think biological weapons would be used?
|
|
07. How are biological weapons different from other kinds of weapons?
|
|
08. How do biological weapons compare to nuclear weapons in financial terms?
|
|
09. How do biological weapons compare to nuclear weapons?
|
|
10. How has Stepnogorsk changed since those days?
|
|
11. How often did the directors of the Stepnogorsk center go to Moscow?
|
|
12. Is it possible that rogue nations are developing biological weapons?
|
|
13. Is there a possibility that biological weapons might be used by terrorists?
|
|
14. Some people think that all work in biological weapons is a crime. Do you agree?
|
|
15. Was the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. a difficult process for you?
|
|
16. What did you think of the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. at the time?
|
|
17. What do you think of the Soviet period in Kazakhstan?
|
|
18. What needs to be said about those days and those events?
|
|
19. What options did your co-workers have when the programs were discontinued?
|
|
20. What were your political views in those days?
|
|
21. What would you like to tell people about those days (1)?
|
|
22. What would you like to tell people about those days (2)?
|
|
23. Who bore the brunt of the fall of the U.S.S.R.?
|
|
24. Why did the U.S.S.R. develop biological weapons?
|
|
25. Why didn't you have more ethnic Kazakhs working at the Stepnogorsk center?
|
|
26. Why was it necessary for the U.S.S.R. to develop biological weapons?
|
|
27. Why was the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. so painful for Kazakhstan?
|
|
28. Why were various military testing centers located in Kazakhstan?
|
Public discussions
|
01. What were all those biological weapons going to be used for?
|
|
02. Why did the USSR decide to expand their biological weapons program in 1972?
|
|
03. So you produced tons of offensive agents while you knew that you would never use it?
|
|
04. What did the government of Kazakhstan think of the testing on Vozrozhdeniya Island?
|
|
05. Why did the scientists agree to live and work in that difficult climate?
|
|
06. Did the scientists work on the weapons by choice, despite having taken the Hippocratic Oath?
|
|
07. How large was the military division that supported bioweapons testing on Vozrozhdeniya Island?
|
|
08. How the biological agent was turned into a weapon
|
|
09. We dug up tons of anthrax that was buried on Vozrozhdeniya Island
|
|
10. Many members of the Politburo did not know about their own bioweapons program
|
|
11. How many of their fermentors did they test with live agents?
|
|
12. Even today American inspection teams are not allowed to visit Russian military facilities. Why?
|
|
13. Working with Gorbachev we had better access to information about the Russian side than we do now
|
Secrecy
|
Did you sign a document that kept you from talking about your work?
|
|
What can you tell us about Gvardejsky (a village, now closed to all foreigners)?
|
|
What did you tell people about your work?
|
|
Who have you talked to about your work? Your family, perhaps?
|
Sergei Popov: My Science
|
01. Genetic engineering for more effective weapons
|
|
02. Another approach: combining bacterial and viral infections
|
|
03. You treat the patient for one disease, and he dies from the other one
|
|
04. Fatality rate from our smallpox strain can reach 100 percent
|
|
05. Diphtheria toxin implanted in smallpox bacteria
|
|
06. Recombinant legionella: the animals were paralyzed from the waist down
|
|
07. I found the system profoundly depressing
|
|
08. We had more money than we could use, but it was dead-end work
|
|
09. Yeltsin signed his decree, and there was no more food for our animals
|
|
10. The good and the bad (combines clips 08 and 09)
|
|
11. Were you frightened by your ability to create new life forms?
|
|
12. No one had any use for us anymore
|
|
13. American biologists were also told that they were superfluous
|
|
14. The biological agent we were to develop had to be lethal
|
|
15. The Soviet military doctrine was similar to Lenin's revolutionary doctrine
|
|
16. I was fond of my country, but it ended up oppressing its people
|
|
17. What is the fatal flaw of capitalism that you discovered?
|
Sergei Popov: The System
|
01. We do not know how to protect the civilian population from a biological attack
|
|
02. An anthrax vaccine will be useless
|
|
03. A smallpox vaccine may turn out to kill more people than the smallpox virus
|
|
04. How likely is a biological attack against the U.S.?
|
|
05. We never discussed the practical aspects of a biological attack
|
|
06. I never believed that biological weapons would be used
|
|
07. The stockpiled arms served as a deterrent
|
|
08. Biological weapons gave the U.S.S.R. a unilateral advantage
|
|
09. When you strike the enemy, you strike your own forces as well (1)
|
|
10. When you strike the enemy, you strike your own forces as well (2)
|
|
11. Defense against new types of pathogens and the program called Factor
|
|
12. We do not value our people
|
|
13. In the U.S. I feel a lot more comfortable
|
|
14. The smallpox epidemic in Aralsk in 1971
|
|
15. Biological weapons program in the U.S.S.R.
|
|
16. Anti-plague institutions participated in developing biological weapons
|
|
17. The Baltic republics were only indirectly involved in the program
|
|
18. The biological weapons institute in Novosibirsk
|
|
19. Developing biological weapons was the main purpose of my institute
|
|
20. From developing new viruses to developing new bacteria
|
|
21. Suddenly I could live very close to Moscow
|
|
22. We were given our own apartments and a double salary
|
|
23. How one was recruited for secret work
|
|
24. One couldn't turn around and leave
|
|
25. Very few were able to escape
|
|
26. We were proud of being trusted with important work
|
|
27. How did the secrecy affect the research?
|
|
28. Secrecy destroys the system
|
|
29. Secrecy kills science
|
|
30. The leadership of my institute did not want the problems to be solved
|
|
31. Science versus administrative squabbles
|
|
32. My lab technicians were asked to evaluate me by a general vote
|
|
33. The word of the institute director and the Party was the law
|
|
34. Secret research institutions were prone to degeneration
|
Yuri Orlov
|
01. The Soviet population was told to prepare for war
|
|
02. People who developed biological weapons were criminals
|
|
03. Development of nuclear weapons should be against the law
|
|
04. An officer could have refused to carry out an order
|
|
05. Training exercises that irradiated soldiers in Central Asia
|
|
06. Secrecy was such that I wasn't allowed to read my own calculations
|
|
07. Even a prison guard could be given an apartment as a reward for his work
|
|
08. The military-industrial complex in the Soviet economy
|
|
09. Even the KGB lost their faith in Soviet ideology
|
|
10. Yeltsin was being sincere when he decreed the abolishion of the biological weapons program
|
|
11. An example of the economic effect of the dissolution of the USSR
|