| Capital Letters; Symbols | Definition and
Grammar Links (outside links to Leed and Nakhimovsky Beginning Russian) |
| S, E, M (verbs) | Stress in verbs. Stem, End, Moving. |
| S, E, M (adj) | Stress patterns of comparative and short form adjective (M= stress moves to the feminine and comparative ending.); discussion of comparative and short form adjectives |
| ОВА, АЙ, И, Д etc (Russian capital letter) | These indicate the conjugation class of the verb being defined. For a lot more information click the G button under the film; this will take you to the a list of conjugation classes, with links to examples of each class (verbal inventory) and extensive notes; another table on the same page gets you information on participles, aspect pairs, stem changes. |
| vowel in parentheses, e.g., (o) | Inserted vowel |
| # | Zero ending; Masculine (#-declension) nouns have zero ending in the Nominative Singular; a- and o-declension nouns (feminine and neuter) have zero endings in the Genitive Plural. |
| ! | Imperative |
| 1sg, 2sg...3pl | First person Singular, Second person Singular...Third person Plural. See Conjugation Classes. |
Abbreviations |
Definition and Grammar
Links
(outside links to Beginning Russian) |
| A,Acc | Accusative case: See a variety of entries on Accusative forms and usage in Subject Index (nouns) |
| adj. | adjective |
| adv. | adverb |
| anim. | animate: see discussion of #-declension (masculine) animate nouns |
| compar. | comparative |
| D, Dat. | Dative case. See entries on Dative case form and usage in Subject Index (nouns) |
| dimin. | diminutive |
| f.an. | feminine animate. а-declension and ь-declension (sometimes called Feminine II) nouns; see discussion of declension classes and gender classes. See also rules for animacy in the Accusative case. |
| f.in | feminine inanimate. а-declension and ь-declension (sometimes called Feminine II) nouns; see discussion of declension classes and gender classes. See alsorules for animacy in the Accusative case. |
| G., Gen | Genitive case: Genitive Singular, Genitive plural; for usage see Subject Index (nouns) |
| I., Inst. | Instrumental case. See a variety of entries on Instrumental forms and usage in Subject Index (nouns) |
| Impf. | Imperfective Aspect. See general introduction to Aspect plus a variety of entries on recognition and usage under Verbs |
| inan. | inanimate; See rules for animacy in the Accusative case. |
| intrans. | intransitive: does not take a direct object in the Accusative case. |
| Irreg. | Irregular |
| Loc. | Locative case |
| m. an | masculine animate. See rules for animacy in the Accusative case. |
| masc. | masculine; #-declension (see discussion of declension classes and gender classes) |
| m.in. | masculine inanimate. See Accusative Singular rules for #-declension (masculine) and o-declension (neuter) inanimate nouns. See rules for animacy in the Accusative case. |
| N., Nom | Nominative case: singular and plural |
| n. an. | neuter animate. o-declension. (see discussion of declension classes and gender classes) Also see rules for animacy in the Accusative case. |
| neut. | neuter, o-declension, plus some smaller declensions like the время family. See discussion of declension classes and gender classes |
| n.in. | neuter inanimate. On animacy in the Accusative case. |
| P., Prep. | Prepositional case. See a variety of entries on Prepositional forms and usage iin Subject Index (nouns) |
| Part. | Partitive case |
| pass. | passive. See general discussion under 3rd Plural Passive; also see pseudo-passive (word order). |
| Pf. | Perfective aspect. See general introduction to Aspect plus a variety of entries on recognition and usage under Verbs |
| Plur. | Plural |
| ppp | past passive participle |
| prep. | preposition |
| pres. | present: see past and non-past endings. |
| pronom. adj.. | pronominal adjective |
| ptcpl. | participle |
| Sg. | Singular |
| sh. | short form of an adjective |
Other Useful Grammar Topics (Links to Beginning
Russian) |
|
| Beginning Russian table of contents (subject index) | |
| Spelling Rules | |
| Declensional Chart for nouns and adjectives | |
| Predicates (sentences without nominative subject) | |
| Correlative constructions | |