Capital Letters; Symbols Definition and Grammar Links
(outside links to Leed and Nakhimovsky Beginning Russian)
S, E, M (verbs) Stress in verbs. Stem, End, Moving.
S, E, M (adj) Stress patterns of comparative and short form adjective (M= stress moves to the feminine and comparative ending.); discussion of comparative and short form adjectives
ОВА, АЙ, И, Д etc (Russian capital letter) These indicate the conjugation class of the verb being defined. For a lot more information click the G button under the film; this will take you to the a list of conjugation classes, with links to examples of each class (verbal inventory) and extensive notes; another table on the same page gets you information on participles, aspect pairs, stem changes.
vowel in parentheses, e.g., (o) Inserted vowel
# Zero ending; Masculine (#-declension) nouns have zero ending in the Nominative Singular; a- and o-declension nouns (feminine and neuter) have zero endings in the Genitive Plural.
! Imperative
1sg, 2sg...3pl First person Singular, Second person Singular...Third person Plural. See Conjugation Classes.
Abbreviations
Definition and Grammar Links
(outside links to Beginning Russian)
A,Acc Accusative case: See a variety of entries on Accusative forms and usage in Subject Index (nouns)
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
anim. animate: see discussion of #-declension (masculine) animate nouns
compar. comparative
D, Dat. Dative case. See entries on Dative case form and usage in Subject Index (nouns)
dimin. diminutive
f.an. feminine animate. а-declension and ь-declension (sometimes called Feminine II) nouns; see discussion of declension classes and gender classes. See also rules for animacy in the Accusative case.
f.in feminine inanimate. а-declension and ь-declension (sometimes called Feminine II) nouns; see discussion of declension classes and gender classes. See alsorules for animacy in the Accusative case.
G., Gen Genitive case: Genitive Singular, Genitive plural; for usage see Subject Index (nouns)
I., Inst. Instrumental case. See a variety of entries on Instrumental forms and usage in Subject Index (nouns)
Impf. Imperfective Aspect. See general introduction to Aspect plus a variety of entries on recognition and usage under Verbs
inan. inanimate; See rules for animacy in the Accusative case.
intrans. intransitive: does not take a direct object in the Accusative case.
Irreg. Irregular
Loc. Locative case
m. an masculine animate. See rules for animacy in the Accusative case.
masc. masculine; #-declension (see discussion of declension classes and gender classes)
m.in. masculine inanimate. See Accusative Singular rules for #-declension (masculine) and o-declension (neuter) inanimate nouns. See rules for animacy in the Accusative case.
N., Nom Nominative case: singular and plural
n. an. neuter animate. o-declension. (see discussion of declension classes and gender classes) Also see rules for animacy in the Accusative case.
neut. neuter, o-declension, plus some smaller declensions like the время family. See discussion of declension classes and gender classes
n.in. neuter inanimate. On animacy in the Accusative case.
P., Prep. Prepositional case. See a variety of entries on Prepositional forms and usage iin Subject Index (nouns)
Part. Partitive case
pass. passive. See general discussion under 3rd Plural Passive; also see pseudo-passive (word order).
Pf. Perfective aspect. See general introduction to Aspect plus a variety of entries on recognition and usage under Verbs
Plur. Plural
ppp past passive participle
prep. preposition
pres. present: see past and non-past endings.
pronom. adj.. pronominal adjective
ptcpl. participle
Sg. Singular
sh. short form of an adjective
Other Useful Grammar Topics (Links to Beginning Russian)
Beginning Russian table of contents (subject index)
Spelling Rules
Declensional Chart for nouns and adjectives
Predicates (sentences without nominative subject)
Correlative constructions