Deverbal adjectives (participles) and deverbal adverbs.

On participles and deverbal adverbs

The text of Двенадцать стульев has many examples of adjectives and adverbs formed from verbs. Here are a few:

Some sentences have more than one deverbal:

Participles are adjectives and therefore agree with their nouns in number, gender and case.

Active Participles

Present Active Participle

Present Active Participles can be understood as replacements for который plus verb. In the example we saw earlier,

Стул принадлежал гражданке Грицацуевой, проживавшей в доме номер 15 по улице Плеханова

The chair belonged to citizen Gritsatsueva, who lived in building 15 on Plekhanov Street

проживавшей can be replaced by которая проживала. Note that проживавшей is feminine dative singular; it agrees in gender, number and case with гражданке Грицацуевой. In other respects it is like a verb: like проживать, it can be followed by a prepositional phrase (в доме номер 15).

Present Active Participles are formed from imperfective verbs only. The rule to form them is: take the non-past stem and add the suffix -ущ or -ащ. The vowel in the suffix (-ущ- vs. -ащ-) depends on whether the verb is an -ут verb or an -ат verb. Therefore, the practical rule for forming Present Active Participles is: take the 3 person plural form of the verb, replace the т of the ending with the щ of the participial suffix, and attach adjective endings.

If the verb is a -ся verb, the partciple also ends in -ся.

In participles, and in participles only, -ся does not change to -сь after a vowel:

Present Active Participles, just like adjectives, can be used as nouns:

Some of these noun-participles are commonly used, for example зављдующий ‘director, manager’, отдыхђющий ‘vacationer’. Otherwise, Present Active Participles are never used in speech, only in writing. In speech use котћрый clauses (which are also appropriate in writing):

Past Active Participles

Like Present Active Participles, Past Active Participles can be understood as replacements for который plus verb (сверкающая фотография = фотография, которая сверкает, the photograph that shines).

Past active participles, unlike present active participles, can be formed from verbs of either aspect. To form the past active participle start with the masculine singular past tense form. If this form ends in -л (almost all verbs) replace the -л with -вш- and attach adjective endings:

If the masculine singular past tense form does not end in -л (Р, Б, З, С, Г, К, and (НУ) verbs) then add the suffix -ш- to that form and attach adjective endings:

There are two minor exceptions to this rule.

First, most Д, Т verbs form the past active participle by adding -ш- to the stem ending in д, т:

(However, клђсть, крђсть, and (у)пђсть form the participle according to the general rule: клђл клђвший, крђл крђвший, упђл упђвший.)

Second, more and more verbs in (НУ) have two parallel forms of the past active participle, one with НУ dropped and the suffix -ш-, the other with НУ preserved and the suffix -вш-:

For some verbs, for example исчљзнуть, the form with НУ (исчљзнувший) is actually more common than the form without НУ (исчљзший).

Past passive participles

These deverbal adjectives are passive because they indicated that some action has been done to the noun they modify. In the examples we saw earlier, начионализированное имущество is property that has been nationalized. If the agent that did the action (the Soviet government in this particular instance) were in the sentence, it would be in the instrumental case.

Past passive participles are formed from perfective verbs only. Also, they are formed only from transitive verbs, i.e. those verbs that require an object in the Accusative case.

There are three suffixes that form past passive participles: -т-, -ен- (ён under stress), and -н-.

• -т-   is added to all resonant stems, including -НЯТЬ verbs, stems in НУ and (НУ) stems in О

The stem ГР-ЕЙ ‘warm up’; the only ЕЙ stem that has a past passive participle; it takes -т-.

• -ен-is added to all obstruent stems stems in И and Е.
• -н-   is added to all other stems.

-т-

When -т- is added to a resonant stem, the rule of likes and unlikes applies, and the stem has the form it has before consonant endings, i.e., in the infinitive and past tense.

Adding -т- to НУ, (НУ), and О stems is unproblematical: -т is simply appended to the final vowel of the stem:

-ен-

When -ен- is added to obstruent stems nothing much happens except that г, к change to ж, ч as they always do before е (ё under stress).

When -ен- is added to an И or Е stem, two vowels meet and the first of them is dropped. The consonant before the dropped vowel changes in most И stems and in some Е stems in accordance with the usual rules.

-н-

Adding -н- is completely unproblematical. Stems ending in a vowel simply append -н-; stems ending in Й have the same form they have before endings that start with a consonant, i.e., in the infinitive and past tense:

Stress patterns of past passive participles, short form

For verbs without suffixes, the stress of the past passive participle (short form) follows the pattern of the past tense stress: it shifts if the past tense stress shifts; it is on the stem if the past tense stress is on the stem; it is on the ending if the past tense stress is on the ending. (In this latter cast the stress is, of course, shifted to the stem in the Masculine Singular forms, where there is no ending):

For verbs with suffixes, the stress of the past passive participle is always constant (does not shift). If the participle is formed with -т- or -н-, then the following rule applies: the stress of the participle is on the same syllable as in the infinitive if the infinitive is not stressed on the suffix; if the infinitive is stressed on the suffix, then the participle is stressed on the preceding syllable:

• Stress not on suffix:

• Stress on suffix:

The remaining group of verbs, verbs with suffixes that form the past passive partiiple with the suffix -ен, consists only of verbs with the suffix И. The stress of the past passive parti­ciple of an И verb depends on its non-past stress pattern. (This is really not surprising, given that the participle suffix, just like the non-past endings, begins with a vowel.) If the non-past stress is on the ending then the participle stress is on the ending; if the non-past stress is on the stem or shifts, the participle stress is on the same syllable as in the 3rd person Plural non-past, or any other non-past form except the 1st person Singular of verbs with shifting stress. We can make the rule simpler by simply saying that the past passive participle stress of И verbs is always the same as in the 3rd person Plural non-past:

Past passive participles: long and short forms.

Past passive participles are adjectives. Like many adjectives they have a long form and a short form. (Active participles have only a long form.) Compare:

Adjectives:

Participles:

A past passive participle is in the short form if the only verb in the sentence is the verb бІть, showing tense:

A past passive participle is in the long form if it is attached to a noun and forms a phrase with it:

Just as with active participles, you can put a whole participle phrase in front of its noun:

If you want to say by whom something has been done use the Instrumental:

To form the long form of a past passive participle you simply add adjective endings to its short form. (In spelling, the н of the suffixes -н and -ен is doubled.) The stress of the long form never shifts: it is always on the same syllable as in the Masculine Singular short form:

Present passive participles

Present passive participles are forms meaning ‘(now) being X-ed’:

Present active participles are not used very often, and many verbs do not have them at all. They are formed from imperfective verbs only. The simplest rule for forming them goes as follows. Start with the first preson plural non-past form: читђем, уважаем. For most verbs this form is identical to the Present passive participle masculine singular short form:

To obtain the long form add adjective endings to the short form:

For certain categories of verbs the first person plural non-past and the short form participle are not entirely identical:

• if the verb is an И verb with a moving stress in the non-past the stress of the participle is on the -им syllable:

• да-вай-, -ста-вай-, -зна-вай- verbs preserve the -ва- in the present passive participle (just as they do in the imperative and deverbal adverb):

The short form is practically never used.

• participles formed from obstruent stems often have -ом- rather than -ём-: ведћмый ‘being led’ (cf. ведём), влекћмый ‘being pulled, attracted’ (cf. влечём).

Many present passive participles have become adjectives whose meaning is only remotely related to the verb: