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An example of a sentence with a short form (predicative form) of past passive participles is:
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Статьї былђ переведенђ в прћшлом годџ.
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The article was translated last year.
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In this section, we discuss the long forms of participles, e.g.
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Ї прочитђл переведённую в прћшлом годџ статьє.
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I read the article which was translated last year.
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Participles have the following characteristics:
- They are ordinary adjectives.
- They are listed in the dictionary under the infinitive form of the verb from which they are derived.
- The long forms, used in written style, are synonymous with котћрый clauses.
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The rules for forming the various participles are given in the Appendix to 5000 Russian Words.
A good way to interpret participles in most contexts is to paraphrase them as котћрый clauses, as illustrated by these two synonymous sentences:
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Ї прочитђл переведённую в прћшлом годџ статьє.
Ї прочитђл статьє, котћрая былђ переведенђ в прћшлом годџ.
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I read the article which was translated last year.
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There are four participles in Russian: two passive and two active, formed on the non-past (or present) stem and on the past stem of the verb. An example of each is given below, along with a paraphrase using котћрый.
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past passive participle: suffix -нн- or -т- plus adjective endings
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кнќга, прочќтанная нђми
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кнќга, котћрую мІ прочитђли = кнќга, котћрая былђ прочќтана нђми
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the book read by us = the book which we read = the book which was read by us
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present passive participle: suffix -м- plus adjective endings
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кнќга, читђемая нђми
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кнќга, котћрую мІ читђем
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the book being read by us = the book which we are reading
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past active participle: suffix -вш- plus adjective endings
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профљссор, прочитђвший кнќгу
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профљссор, котћрый прочитђл кнќгу
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the professor who read (had read) the book
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present active participle: suffix -щ- plus adjective endings
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профљссор, читђющий кнќгу
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профљссор, котћрый читђет кнќгу
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the professor reading the book = the professor who is/was reading the book
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